Born to Be a Surrealist|超现实主义大师——达利

超现实主义大师——达利

by Li Chen

Dali is known as one of the geniuses of modern art.

达利被视为现代艺术的翘楚之一。

With his signature upturned waxed mustache and wild imagination, Salvador Dali is synonymous with surrealism (超现实主义). Born in 1904 in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain, Dali was an artist without _(1)_ in his art or life. In addition to his wealth of paintings, Dali _(2)_ fashion, theater, photography, jewelry, film, and even advertising.

As a young man, Dali studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid, but he was expelled _(3)_ before graduation. By 1931, Dali had joined the surrealist group in Paris, cooperated with surrealist director Luis Bunuel, and met his future wife, Gala. Also in 1931, Dali painted his most famous work, The Persistence of Memory, which depicts surrealistic images of soft, melting watches set on a rocky landscape background. Later, history _(4)_ itself, and Dali was kicked out of the surrealist group for disagreeing with their politics.

By 1940, Dali moved to the US and away from the surrealist movement. As a _(5)_ period in his life, he had his first major retrospective in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and wrote his autobiography. In the late 1940s, Dali returned to Spain, _(6)_ he continued his prolific art career. He became obsessed with energy and labeled it his Nuclear Mysticism period. After spending many years of his life _(7)_ a theater in his hometown, Dali suffered a huge loss—his wife died. This left him without a will to live and in failing health. In 1989, Salvador Dali passed away and left a legacy of art and freedom of expression to inspire all.

1.  (A) edges   (B) horizons    (C) measures    (D) limits

2.  (A) contributed to  (B) adapted to  (C) amounted to (D) conformed to

3.  (A) rarely  (B) nearly  (C) shortly (D) briefly

4.  (A) recovered   (B) removed (C) repeated    (D) resisted

5.  (A) visual  (B) vital   (C) various (D) vocal

6.  (A) where   (B) when    (C) here    (D) there

7.  (A) designed    (B) to design   (C) designs (D) designing

　　上过蜡、往上翘的招牌胡子，再加上疯狂的想象力，让萨尔瓦多‧达利成了超现实主义的同义词。1904年，达利出生于西班牙加泰隆尼亚区的菲格雷斯，他是位艺术家，无论他的艺术作品或是他的一生都不受拘束。除了大量的画作外，达利还跨界时尚、戏剧、摄影、珠宝设计、电影，甚至是平面广告。

　　达利年轻时就读马德里的美术学院，但在即将毕业之际被退学。1931年时他加入巴黎的超现实主义团体，和超现实主义者刘易斯‧布纽尔合作，还遇见他之后的妻子加拉。同年，达利创作了他最著名的作品『记忆的执着』，画中呈现出软绵绵、融化的钟表，置身在一片满是岩石的景致中，十足的超现实主义。不久之后历史重演，达利因为和超现实主义团体的政治理念分歧，而被逐出该团体。

　　1940 年达利移居美国，并远离超现实主义运动。这是达利人生中极为重要的一段时期，他在纽约的现代美术馆举行他第一次盛大的回顾展并撰写自传。1940年后期，达利重回西班牙，继续他多产的艺术工作。他对能量变得非常着迷，并把这段时期称为『核子神秘主义时期』。达利在家乡耗费多年设计一座剧院，后来却遭逢丧妻之恸。这使得他丧失生存的意志，健康状况每下愈况。1989年，达利去世，他留下的艺术遗作与自由的表达方式，再再启发着世人。

标准答案: 1. (D)　2. (A)　3. (C)　4. (C)　5. (B)
　　  6. (A)　7. (D)

For Your Information

超现实主义（Surrealism）的艺术潮流肇始于法国，源自于达达主义，于 1920 年至 1930 年间盛行于欧洲文学及艺术界中。其理论背景为弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和帕格森的直觉主义，强调直觉和下意识。对传统上艺术的看法产生巨大的影响，也常被称为『超现实主义运动』，或简称为『超现实』。

超现实主义在艺术上的表现以探索潜意识中的矛盾为主，如生与死、过去和未来等。超现实主义的画家为了表现这样的奇发异想，大多运用拓印法、黏贴法、自动性技法等特殊的表现技法来创作。另外，为了表现与真实世界的扭曲或矛盾，他们也常常采用精细而写实的手法来表现超现实的世界。（数据源：维基百科）