解析文法20151231

第十一章　代名词

   1.  it 作虚主词

a. 代替不定词词组

It is good to study.

读书有益。

但不定词本身可作主词，故上句可改为：

To study is good.

It is necessary to read these books.

=   To read these books is (非 are) necessary.

这些书必须念。

注意

上列最后一句中，books虽为复数，然而并非主词，主词乃整个不定词词组，故动词仍用单数。

b. 代替 that 子句（名词子句）

It is good that he wants to study.

=   That he wants to study is good.

他想读书，这是件好事。

＊名词子句本身具有名词的功能，故可作主词。

He can study is good. (×)

＊He can study 是句子，非名词子句，因 He之前无

　连接词，不能构成名词子句，故不能作主词。

c. 代替动名词

这种用法只有与极少数名词连用。

It is | no use   | sleeping all day long.

        no good

=   There is no use (in) sleeping all day long.

整天睡觉是没用的。

It is no use to sleep all day long. (×)

但It is | of no use | to sleep all day long. (○)

        useless

   2.  it 作虚受词

即 it作不完全及物动词之受词，代替不定词词组或 that子句。

a. 动词若加受词意思很完整，而无须补充说明时，称为完全及物动词。

I love him.（love 为完全及物动词）

我爱他。

若动词虽加受词，意思却不完整，而需要补充说明，称为不完全及物动词，其补语一定是名词或形容词（包括分词变成的形容词）。

I consider him. (×)

我认为他。

上句意思不完整，故需补语。

→I consider him good. (○)

                  adj.

我认为他人很好。

→I consider him a good man. (○)

                 n.

我认为他是个好人。

但I consider her beautifully. (×)

              adv.

→I consider her beautiful. (○)

            adj.

我认为她很美丽。

b. 不定词或 that 子句有名词的功能，可作主词，亦可作受词。

I want to go.

受词

To study abroad has always been my

主词

dream.

I think that he is good.

受词

That he doesn't study is | true.

主词                 obvious.

但两者却不能直接作不完全及物动词之受词，必须用 it 代替。

I think that he is good true. (×)

受词补语

→I think it true that he is good.

不完全 vt.

(○，think译成『认为 & &是 & &』)

我认为他人不错，这是事实。

I think to get up early good. (×)

受词补语

→I think it good to get up early. (○)

我认为早起很好。

I think (that) it is true that he is good.

完全 vt.         名词子句作 think的受词

(○，think译成『认为』)

注意

以下是常用的不完全及物动词：

think       认为 & &是 & &

consider    认为 & &是 & &

deem        认为 & &是 & &

believe     相信 & &是 & &

find        发现 & &是 & &

I | consider | it necessary to exercise on a

   think        

   deem

   believe

   find

daily basis.

我认为∕认为∕认为∕相信∕发现每天运动是有必要的。

   3.  it 用以强调主词或受词

I love him.

→  It is I who (或 that) love him.

爱他的是我。

His words made me angry.

→  It was his words that (或 which) made

me angry.

让我生气的是他的话。

I am in need of your help.

→  It is your help that (或 which) I am in need of.

我需要的是你的协助。

   4.  it 亦可用以强调介词词组或副词子句，其结构如下

It is / was + | 介词词组 | + that子句

副词子句

It was in 2001 that I began to study English.

我是在 2001年开始学英文的。

It was because he was lazy that he failed.

他是因为懒惰的关系而失败的。

   5.  | most          | of + the（或 my、your...）

       all

       some

       half

       part

       | the rest     |

       one-third

       two-thirds

       none

                                +

      |不可数名词 + 单数动词 |

复数名词 + 复数动词

Most of the money was stolen. (money 不可数，故用 was)

大部分的钱都被窃了。

The most of the money was stolen. (×)

＊此类代名词前不得加冠词。

Some of the students are here. (students 为复数名词，故用 are)

有些学生在这儿。

All of students are here. (×，缺少 the)

→  All of the students are here. (○)

所有学生都在这儿。

All of his students are here. (○)

他所有的学生都在这儿。

One-third of the students has passed the test. (×，students为复数)

→  One-third of the students have passed the test. (○)

有三分之一的学生通过了测验。

Seventy percent of the water is contaminated. (○，water是不可数名词)

百分之七十的水被污染了。

Seventy percent of the students have failed the test.

百分之七十的学生考试不及格。